Category: 4G Technology

LTE Technology

The new mobile technology LTE is superior to the existing mobile technologies GSM and UMTS, the link speed which data is transferred is much far higher the response time of the current system and the connection is faster.

 

This is achieved through a variety of improvements in various areas of technology that each contribute in itself to significantly better overall picture of the data radio technology. Due to the significant improvement in overall performance, LTE mobile technology is increasingly recognized as the 4th Generation (4G) refers. While in technical descriptions of the generation LTE 3.9 is assigned, but the name of LTE as 4G mobile technology is likely to prevail worldwide.

Improvements in wireless technology

A number of technical innovations allow use of the available radio room better. The OFDMA radio technology allows customizing the transmission capacity to meet the needs of each user – who wants to watch TV on the mobile Internet, gets more space than someone who just wants to make calls only. The downlink OFDMA is used for the same transmission speed with a very small range of the radio room – it takes up less space for an equal amount of data transmitted. Also known as High Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA) technology uses the existing radio room two to four times better than the method called Wideband Code Division Muliple Access (WCDMA), which is used in HSDPA.

With the multi-antenna MIMO technology can be transmitted simultaneously with the current standard of four antennas and received simultaneously – what the reception improves performance significantly. Moreover, a possible interference by neighboring radio waves, which prevents so-called interference significantly stronger.

All in all, the radio room with LTE is better used, because the signals from the multiple antenna technology at transmission and reception are separated in space, and because the size of the radio channels can be adjusted according to the user.

Improvement in network construction

There are also improvements in network construction. The networks as a whole should be fit. In the network architecture, the requisite leaner architecture makes first by the absence of an element – namely the mediator between the base station and core network noticeable. The significantly higher amount of data that can be processed thanks to improved techniques the radio part of the network, of course, lead to the fact that mobile operators must also provide the lines between the base station and core network for more capacity.

Overall, the whole network will be improved so that its response times are less than five thousandths of a second (milliseconds). After all, only at a very low response time (latency) of the network can be demanding services such as Mobile TV, video calls and mobile online games provide no problems.

The competition techniques: Ultra Mobile Broadband and Mobile Wimax

LTE is the view of IT expects to be the first mobile technology, which works worldwide as a general standard. Nevertheless, there were – from a technical viewpoint – two other data transmission technologies that were considered LTE competitors: Mobile WiMAX and Ultra Mobile Broadband are techniques that offer similar data transfer speeds as the mobile technology LTE.

Ultra Mobile Broadband was a technology that is used in the USA the third mobile communications standard Should develop a rapid generation CDMA2000 mobile fourth generation. Above all, the U.S. chip maker Qualcomm invested diligently in the development based on CDMA 2000, while the Swedish Ericsson continued to LTE as a new cell phone technology. Both technologies used very similar approaches. In November 2008, Qualcomm ended its funding of research and waved a UMB to LTE.

Mobile WiMAX can achieve with the use of LTE and multi-antenna MIMO method on a 10-megahertz radio channel transmission speeds of a total of 90 megabits per second. These are divided in 63 megabits per second for downloading data (downlink) and 28 Mbit/s for transmission (uplink). However, radio cells are in Mobile Wimax achieved with a diameter of one to four kilometers far smaller than the LTE radio cell in the 800 megahertz range – where the diameter is 20 kilometers.

For network design brings dramatic benefits for this difference. LTE takes much less Send master and base stations to build a nationwide network.

 

LTE Speed

The new mobile technology Long Term Evolution (LTE ) promises particularly high rates of data transmission: Both when downloading from the internet, and when sending data, the speed is much faster than the older LTE wireless data technology UMTS with HSPA.

LTE Receiving data

In LTE networks, which are currently being commonly built in Asia and Europe, the operation speeds of theoretically up to 50 megabits per second (Mbit/s) when receiving data are already available. HSPA+, fastest wireless technology in 3G mobile network enables downloading of theoretically up to 43.2 Mbit/s.

LTE may actually even more. However, at speeds up to one gigabit per second (Gb/s) are possible only under laboratory conditions. The data rate depends on several factors. Determined the width of a frequency channel, the amount of data can be sent simultaneously. Several antennas increase in the transmitter and the receiver velocity.

What is the real average speeds will be using LTE in reality remains to be seen. In the U.S. you get in well-developed LTE network of Verizon Wireless at an average speed of about 10 megabits per second and can compete with DSL connections.

The transmission of data

When sending data rates, download can also be achieved, far higher mathematically than the current transmission rate. Technically feasible there are theoretical data rates of up to 86.4 Mbit/s.

Once again, we will have to see how high the rate offered is real then. It is determined by the technology, but also through the utilization of the radio cell or the distance of the user to the transmission tower.

 

LTE Advanced- beyond the next Step

The evolution of LTE (Long Term Evolution) is already developed. LTE Advanced is to say the new technology.

 

The Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifies in its Release 10, the objectives of LTE-Advanced. The mobile technology corresponds to the 3GPP LTE Release 8 LTE Advanced is to be backward compatible. Not only are the transfer rates expected to rise with LTE Advanced. The use of multiple antennas and the incorporation of relay stations are to be carried forward.

 

More bandwidth

The bandwidth is LTE-Advanced is significantly higher than the LTE in Release 8. Instead of 20 megahertz, LTE-Advanced can bundle multiple carriers and thus use up to 100 MHz simultaneously. Here may also be combined in different frequency bands, frequency ranges – important because no carrier has been on a continuous frequency range of 100 MHz. Currently these 100 MHz are only in theory, in practice more spectra are assigned. This can happen only in 2015 at the World Radio Conference (WRC). Until then, the bandwidth will probably be limited to 40 MHz.

Another innovation that will keep up with LTE-Advanced collection is called “relay nodes”, i.e. relay stations. This will allow, even outside the range of a base station to receive the signal. In the edge region the signal reinforces relay stations. Connected the relay stations means connected to the base station. Thus, the signal strength inside buildings can be improved.

Interference use

Another method that could be introduced with LTE Advanced is CoMP (Coordinated Multi-Point). This is a problem to be addressed, which often occurs, especially in densely populated areas. There where many transmission towers are in a confined space, to their ranges and signals often overlap. This interference occurring far as disorder should be used wisely with the CoMP process. If interference is likely, future base stations preprocess messages for multiple users together prior to transmission. By preprocessing, signals are superimposed on the desired user device design, but are eliminated at the antennas of other users.

 

LTE and WLAN Trend in 2013

Mobile Internet will dominate the future. Per current data, it indicates the increasing number of data flat rates and the proportion of mobile Internet users. In this case, mobile internet is becoming increasingly attractive, which is mainly due to the speed of data transmission over wireless connections.

 

 

Rural Users Benefit from LTE

 

Especially the development of networks for the operation of the 4G Wireless standard Long Term Evolution (LTE) will accentuate the trend towards the mobile Internet. The mobile Internet operation via Smartphone or tablet makes 4G internet more attractive. For private providers or enterprises in rural areas, LTE is an affordable alternative to a fixed line, which can often provide in depressed areas where no broadband Internet.

 

WiFi is Faster

 

However, the WLAN radio network will achieve in the future faster data transfer rates. The conventional network via Ethernet is therefore increasingly interchangeable and WiFi make interesting reading for more public institutions. For a broadband Internet connection is thus save much cost.

 

In data centers, data will continue to be converged to server-storage network systems. The modular connection allows a flexible adaptation of the hardware utilization to each customer.

 

The trend of “ALL IP” still continues. With “all IP”, the use of all telecommunications services is meant by a supplier. It is worth taking this method for medium to large businesses.

 

LTE in Release 10—Ten Faster than LTE

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardized wireless technology Long Term Evolution (LTE). 3GPP is a consortium of several institutes.

 

The project also defines standards for other mobile technologies such as HSPA. In Release 10, LTE advanced is outlined, 9 expansion of LTE in Release 8 and Release 10 was introduced in 2009 as a proposal and completed in 2011.

 

 

100 Megahertz needed

 

The first 4th generation wireless technology, LTE advanced theoretically reaches up to 1 gigabit per second (GB/S) for receiving data (download) and up to 500 megabit per second (Mbit/S) for sending data.

 

Just like LTE in Release 8 and 9 uses LTE advanced is a 16-fold quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), a technology that allows more data to be transported on a wave.

 

In contrast to the previous technologies, LTE advanced 100 Megahertz is used to frequency bandwidth, which can be summarized from independent frequency bands. This is necessary, because no operator called integrated 100 MHz of LTE frequencies into his own. This frequency bandwidth is shared by eight independent antennas, which must be installed at the transmitter as at the receiver. This technology is referred to 8 x 8 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output).

 

 

LTE – Up to 300 Mbit/s Per Second for Release 9

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardized wireless technology Long Term Evolution (LTE). 3GPP is a consortium of several institutes.

 

 

The project also defines standards for other mobile technologies such as HSPA. In December 2009, the Release 9 followed as the second standard, which contained LTE after the year before the release had 8 defines first LTE.

 

Four independent antennas

 

LTE Release 9 help you reach computationally up to 326.4 Mbit/s for receiving data (download) and up to 86.4 Mbit/s for sending data (upload).

 

Compared to 172.8Mbit/s download, which can be reached with Release 8, the theoretical speed was almost doubled. These Technologies make it more possible. As with Release 8, a 16-fold quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is used, a technology that enables more data to be carried on a shaft.

 

In addition, up to 20 MHz frequency bandwidth used. However, Release 9 is used in contrast to its predecessor up to four independent antennas at the transmitter as the receiver; the same send or receive data. This technology is called MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output).

LTE – Up to 172.6Mbit/s

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardized wireless technology Long Term Evolution (LTE). 3GPP is a consortium of several institutes.

 

The project also defines standards for other mobile technologies such as HSPA. In Release 8 of the 3GPP LTE in 2008 for the first time defined. Here, speed and technology used were committed.

 

Different Technologies for Increasing the Data Rate

 

With Release 8, the theoretical top speed with LTE on 172.8 Mbit/s when receiving data (download) and up to 57.6 Mbit/s is limited to send data.

 

 

The speeds are made possible by a number of technical parameters. First, a 16 fold quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is used, a technology that enables more data to be carried on a shaft.

 

By a plurality of antennas at both transmitters on the receiver side as the speed is increased in both directions as well. This technology is called MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output). On LTE Release 8, two independent antennas are used (2 x 2 MIMO). Essential for the increase in speed is also the frequency bandwidth of the connection. In this case, up to 20 MHz, in order to transmit data.

 

 

In reality, the network operators are indeed technology such as MIMO and QAM are available, but there is a lack of sufficient bandwidth. This is spread across multiple network operators, so that in practice 50 to 75Mbit/s are technically feasible in the download.

 

 

 

LTE Standardization

3GPP is initiative responsible for the standardization of LTE mobile technology. 3GPP Stands for Third Generation Partnership project.

 

The initiative focuses on the standardization of LTE and third generation wireless technologies such as UMTS.

 

Technical specifications of LTE

 

In various releases since 1999, the 3GPP initiative has published technical specifications for different areas of mobile communications technology. The release 8 focuses on the standardization of LTE technology and is the most recently completed. In releases 9 AND 10 further standardization of LTE technology are made.

 

Release 9 is concerned with improvements and enhancements of HSPA and LTE Release 10 defines the technical specifications of LTE-Advanced. For Release 9, the development of the remaining issues to be completed in March 2011. Release 10 is still under development, a completion data is unknown.

 

About 3GPP

 

3GPP was created in 1988 with the goal of creating a global mobile applicable third generation system. Practically to the standardization by 3GPP to enable the users to get in as many networks worldwide with the same equipment, the same services as in his home network. The detailed technical specifications are intended to describe all aspects of mobile technology so precise that the mobile devices of all manufacturers without errors on all cellular functions.

 

The initiative consists of 3GPP Organizational Partners (OPs) and Market Representation Partner (MRP). OP’s are the world’s defining standards bodies in the IT industry: the Association of Radio Industries and Business, Japan (ARIB), the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions, USA (ATIS), the Telecommunications Technology Associations Korea (TTA), the Telecommunications Technology Committee, Japan (TTC) and the China Communications Standards Association (CCSA). About this Organizational Partners worldwide a majority of all mobile operators, manufacturers and regulators is organized in the 3GPP initiative.

LTE – Investments, Costs and Profits

Mobile operators have pulled out of the expensive purchase of UMTS licenses, the expensive construction of UMTS networks and the subsequent price of their teachings battle for customers.

 

But with LTE, users pay only a fraction of the transmission frequencies. For network construction, the price is the decisive criterion in selecting among the network equipment. And customers for data services in LTE networks will have to pay significantly more than what they have been accustomed to from UMTS networks.

 

 

UMTS: The more data, the more cheaper

 

The mobile plan has a problem; you need to inject more data into ever cheaper prices through their wireless networks. Since the new technology LTE is just right, the cost of production for fast data transmission in mobile communications should be lower. The cost per bit is lower for the network operators from four to ten times more than in HSDPA. This is also related to the fact that through new applied in LTE radio technologies, such as multiple-antenna method MIMO or the new modulation schemes OFDMA, with ten times more. LTE phones can be provided at a location with high speed internet than with UMTS. With LTE, so the profit margin is the mobile data tends to increase and the number of potential customers multiplied at one location.

 

 

LTE Expansion Cheaper than UMTS

 

The cost of the LTE expansion circulates different numbers. The bidding for the frequencies is already certain.

 

Expenditure incurred in the bidding for the frequencies, the cost for network deployment. The US firm Aircom, a network specialist, estimates that a mobile operator in Central Europe needs to spend about 670 million euros for the LTE network construction in the first year.

 

Lot of costs should come together after all, it must not only upgraded base stations to LTE or LTE base stations will be built, it must be a new IP-based core network to be created. And finally, the data lines must be upgraded from the base stations to the new core network to process the large amounts of data, because what good is fast wireless network if it only blcks the access to the core network. This looks like a high investment.

 

Pressure on network equipment

 

In order to make sense economically, the LTE expansion should cost only a fraction of what was spent on the construction of UMTS network, so the experts explain the Finnnish IT consultancy Rewheel. My solution to this dilemma: The network equipment should rethink their pricing somewhat.

 

New tariffs: LTE’s are not as bargain

 

After the business model was not a UMTS rousing success for many years, the mobile operators want LTE would not have to wait due to the investment pays.

 

And that probably means that they do not just invest less than in the UMTS networks, but they will charge higher prices at the retail level.

 

LTE is surely not only once at a bargain price.

What is WiMAX?

WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access – an international system compatibility for access to microwave frequencies. It is in a sense competes with LTE – the technology, which we wrote about earlier, for the title of the next generation of mobile networks 4G. The reason is that both technologies provide a connection for mobile terminals (smartphone, laptop) with a sufficiently large radius of action. At the same time, there are similarities with the traditional Wi-Fi.

 

WiMAX is the wireless technology that provides theoretical data rates up to 1 Gb/s. Designed to solve the problem of the “last mile” access to the Internet.

 

 

The problem of the “last mile”, is a link from the equipment provider to the customer directly, by phone or Internet. For example, in Europe the most common channel is DSL, using ordinary telephone line with all its shortcomings. The idea to replace the wire telephone line radio channel with sufficient speed is very tempting – a minimum of inconvenience to the user and less dependence on fragile cables.

 

The name WiMAX «for nerds» is IEEE 802.16, which puts it on par with other telecommunications standards. And fixed WiMAX (includes communication with the fixed customer) applies standard 802.16d, while mobile WiMAX (communicate with client in motion) uses a modification of 802.16e.

 

The key difference stationary (fixed) and mobile versions – in the absence of a first opportunity to “transfer” of a customer from one base station to another. Naturally, some of the mobility of customer equipment within range of the base station (10 km) is possible. Mobile version of the report provides a current revision speeds up to 30 MB/s, while the fixed – up to 75 MB/s. The theoretical limit is around 1 gigabit.

 

Unlike Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), WiMAX not only uses the license free, and licensed frequency bands – from 2 to 11 GHz.  WiMAX range is much more than the Wi-Fi network, except for the transfer of the antenna. For the fixed network, as we have said, it is up to 10 km, while the mobile network is within a radius of 5 km.

 

 

The large scatter of operating frequencies creates serious problems of compatibility. For example, the optimal properties for the frequency range 2300 – 2700 MHz in most of the world is a licensed and used by intelligence services, which means that service provider will have to invest a lot of time and effort into getting permission. The range is 3400 – 3600 MHz is less problems with permissions, but penetrating power drops sharply, for example, for indoor reception may not be possible.

Finally, the cut-off frequencies of 6 GHz and above all can be used only in the line of sight due to the low penetration. For comparison, a rival LTE technology, which operates in the usual range of cellular communication in the area of 1800 MHz, has not these problems of penetration

 

The principle of the subscriber device (modem, phone) with WiMAX is similar both to work in the network, and to work with Wi-Fi access point. The device sends the request to the UE on the bandwidth allocation, and then logs in and gets your own channel. Then the authentication procedure and the device are issued IP-address: four-or six-digit (in a future release.) Calls to the WiMAX network will also implement IP-based, as in Skype – another similarity with the Wi-Fi-networks.